Styles & Themes in Landscape Design
It all begins with an idea.
Outdoor spaces serve as vibrant storytellers, conveying narratives through elements such as rhythm, texture, and intention. Landscape design transcends the mere arrangement of plants and pathways; it is an art form that seeks to forge environments that mirror individual identity, provoke emotional responses, and engage with the unique characteristics of their surroundings.
When embarking on a landscape design project—whether it be a serene healing garden, a vibrant tropical courtyard, or a sleek modern rooftop retreat—the careful consideration of style and theme is crucial. This initial step lays the foundation for creating a space that resonates deeply with its intended purpose and the people who inhabit it.
In a healing garden, for instance, the focus may be on soothing textures and calming rhythms, incorporating natural elements that promote relaxation and mindfulness. Conversely, a tropical courtyard could feature lush foliage and dynamic color schemes that invoke a sense of adventure and vitality. Meanwhile, a modern rooftop retreat might highlight clean lines, minimalistic design, and functional spaces that offer a tranquil escape amidst urban hustle.
By thoughtfully weaving together these design principles, each outdoor space can transform into a personal sanctuary that not only enhances its aesthetic appeal but also tells a unique story reflective of its environment and its users.
What’s the Difference Between Style and Theme?
Style encompasses the visual language employed in design, reflecting a wide array of choices that determine the overall appearance and mood. It can signify contrasts such as formal versus informal expressions, where formal might invoke a sense of elegance and professionalism, while informal could suggest a relaxed and approachable atmosphere. Additionally, style can vary between modern and traditional aesthetics; modern designs may feature clean lines and innovative materials, whereas traditional approaches often emphasize classic details and time-honored craftsmanship. The geographical influences are also significant, with tropical styles evoking lush greenery and vibrant colors, contrasted by desert styles that may reflect arid landscapes and earthy tones.
On the other hand, theme acts as the guiding narrative or conceptual backbone of the design. It encapsulates the core ideas that inform and inspire the work, such as wellness, which might include elements promoting health and tranquility; biodiversity, emphasizing the importance of diverse ecosystems and sustainability; minimalism, focusing on simplicity and the elimination of excess; or cultural heritage, celebrating traditions and histories through design choices.
To better understand the relationship between the two, think of style as the grammar of design, establishing the rules that allow for coherent and visually pleasing compositions. In contrast, theme functions as the story being told, providing the context and emotional resonance that draws people in and gives the design its purpose and significance. Together, they create a harmonious blend that resonates with viewers and effectively communicates the desired message.
Theme is the narrative or concept that guides the design—wellness, biodiversity, minimalism, cultural heritage.
Think of style as the grammar, and theme as the story.
| Style | Visual Traits | Best For |
|---|---|---|
| Formal | Symmetry, clipped hedges, geometric layouts | Entrances, civic spaces, classical homes |
| Informal | Curved paths, layered planting, natural flow | Family gardens, edible landscapes |
| Modern | Clean lines, minimal planting, hardscape focus | Rooftops, urban courtyards |
| Traditional | Mixed textures, flowering shrubs, regional materials | Heritage homes, suburban gardens |
| Tropical | Bold foliage, vibrant colors, water features | Shaded patios, coastal gardens |
| Zen/Japanese | Gravel, bamboo, rocks, water elements | Meditation zones, quiet corners |
| Mediterranean | Terracotta, herbs, olive trees, dry textures | Sunny slopes, balconies |
Formal Style
Visual Traits: Formal landscapes are characterized by a strong sense of symmetry, order, and geometric precision, creating a visually appealing aesthetic. You can expect to see straight, clean lines defining the layout, with clipped hedges meticulously shaped to maintain uniformity. Planting beds are carefully proportioned, often featuring a balanced arrangement that enhances the overall harmony of the space. Paths typically have a paved finish and are intentionally aligned with the architectural axes of the buildings, drawing the eye through the garden in a structured manner. Key focal points, such as ornate fountains, elegantly designed statues, or classic urns, are strategically placed to anchor the landscape, serving as visual anchors that invite contemplation. The selection of plants is crucial; choices like boxwood, palms, and well-maintained topiary are popular due to their uniform profiles. These plants are arranged in mirrored patterns that reinforce the sense of balance and intentional design, contributing to the overall grandeur of the formal garden.
Best For: This sophisticated style is particularly well-suited for grand entrances, civic spaces, and homes that embody a classical architectural style, where a sense of elegance and structure is essential. It appeals to clients who appreciate tradition, ceremony, and visual clarity in their outdoor spaces. In Nairobi, formal gardens can be especially captivating when integrated into colonial-era estates or institutional settings, where the symmetry of the garden complements and enhances the architectural features of the buildings. The formal landscape not only reflects historical significance but also offers a serene and organized environment that elevates the overall atmosphere of the area.
🌿 Informal Style
Visual Traits:
Informal landscapes embrace a sense of softness and spontaneity, mirroring the natural world's unpredictability. Pathways, often curved and winding, invite exploration and are surrounded by densely layered plantings that vary in texture and height. This layered approach creates visual depth and an illusion of movement. Flower beds overflow with a delightful mix of species—grasses, herbs, and flowering shrubs—all intermingling to foster a vibrant tapestry of life. The use of organic materials such as mulch, natural stone, and timber adds warmth and an earthy texture, enhancing the overall sensory experience of the space.
Best For:
This style is perfect for family gardens, edible landscapes, and areas designated for relaxation and play. It invites interaction and discovery, making it ideal for residential backyards, community gardens, or school courtyards. In Nairobi, informal gardens flourish in suburban plots, where there is a greater emphasis on biodiversity and individual expression, allowing for unique personal touches and a celebration of local flora.
🌿 Modern Style
Visual Traits:
Modern landscapes are defined by their minimalist and architectural approach. Clean, crisp lines and bold geometrical shapes dominate the design, creating a striking aesthetic. The focus is heavily on hardscape elements such as concrete, corten steel, and gravel, which are used to create striking contrasts against the more restrained planting choices. Plants in these gardens are carefully selected for their sculptural forms rather than vibrant colors, lending an air of sophistication. Integrated lighting enhances the linear features of the design, while sleek water features complement the overall modern aesthetic.
Best For:
This style is particularly well-suited for rooftops, urban courtyards, and contemporary homes that prioritize a sleek and innovative design. Clients who appreciate simplicity, strong contrasts, and a touch of modern artistry will find this style appealing. In Nairobi, modern gardens are particularly effective in high-density developments or mixed-use buildings, where space is at a premium but impactful design is essential.
🌿 Traditional Style
Visual Traits:
Traditional gardens harmonize regional materials with flourishing shrubs and time-honored layouts. Pathways may vary from gently winding to more structured straight lines, bordered by an array of mixed plantings that provide seasonal interest and visual appeal. The use of materials like brick, stone, and terracotta evokes warmth and familiarity. Plant palettes are often rich in heritage varieties, including classic roses, vibrant bougainvillea, and a selection of indigenous trees, creating a timeless garden atmosphere.
Best For:
This style is particularly suited to heritage homes, suburban gardens, and clients who find comfort in nostalgia. The traditional style is flexible, allowing for the incorporation of both formal and informal elements depending on the site’s character. In Nairobi, traditional gardens beautifully complement colonial architecture and older bungalows, where the blend of history and horticulture creates a meaningful connection to the past.
🌿 Tropical Style
Visual Traits:
Tropical landscapes are characterized by their lushness and vibrancy, designed to immerse visitors in a paradise of natural beauty. Bold foliage, featuring an array of palms, colorful crotons, and striking heliconias, creates a kaleidoscope of greens and reds. Water features and stone accents enhance the luxurious feel, while shaded seating areas invite relaxation. The planting is typically dense, fostering a sense of enclosure and abundance, enriched by materials such as bamboo, lava rock, and ceramic which add interesting textures and rhythms to the garden.
Best For:
This style is perfect for shaded patios, hospitality spaces, and wellness gardens, serving as a haven from the hustle and bustle of urban life. Tropical gardens thrive in Nairobi’s subtropical climate, making them the ideal choice for clients looking to create a retreat-like atmosphere. They are particularly effective in courtyards, on verandas, or in spa settings, where sensory richness and immersive beauty are key priorities.
🌿 Zen / Japanese Style
Visual Traits:
Zen gardens embody a quiet, contemplative nature and are designed with deep intention. They primarily use materials such as gravel, rocks, bamboo, and water to create a sense of balance and simplicity. Planting is minimal yet symbolic, featuring elements like moss, ferns, and sculptural trees such as Podocarpus or Japanese Maple, all arranged with great purpose according to principles of asymmetry and empty space, which enhance the tranquil experience.
Best For:
Such gardens are ideally suited for meditation zones, shaded corners, and spaces designed for reflection and mindfulness. This style appeals to clients who cherish restraint and seek a spiritual connection with nature. In Nairobi, Zen gardens are particularly well-suited for private courtyards or wellness centers, creating serene environments conducive to stillness and contemplation.
🌿 Mediterranean Style
Visual Traits:
Mediterranean landscapes radiate warmth and texture, characterized by sun-loving plants and earthy materials. The design features terracotta pots brimming with herbs like rosemary and lavender, as well as majestic olive trees and drought-resistant ground covers. Rustic charm is accentuated by gravel paths, stone walls, and wrought iron details, with a color palette that leans toward warm earth tones and silvery greens, enhancing the feeling of a sun-drenched retreat.
Best For:
This style is perfect for sunny slopes, balconies, and water-conscious gardens, delivering both beauty and low maintenance. Clients seeking to harmonize their gardens with the surrounding environment will find the Mediterranean style captivating. In Nairobi, Mediterranean gardens flourish on exposed rooftops or west-facing plots, taking full advantage of abundant heat and light to create inviting and sustainable outdoor living spaces.
| Theme | Design Focus | Example Elements |
|---|---|---|
| Wellness & Healing | Calm, sensory-rich spaces | Medicinal plants, water bowls, shaded seating |
| Ecological Resilience | Native species, biodiversity corridors | Pollinator shrubs, compost zones, green mulch |
| Cultural Heritage | Celebrating local materials and traditions | Earth walls, woven screens, indigenous trees |
| Edible Landscapes | Food production meets beauty | Fruit trees, raised beds, vertical gardens |
| Minimalism | Clean, uncluttered, intentional | Gravel paths, sculptural plants, open space |
| Play & Interaction | Spaces for movement, gathering, and exploration | Stepping stones, sensory paths, climbing vines |
🪴 Designer’s Tip: Combine themes for layered storytelling—e.g., a healing garden with edible herbs and cultural textures.
🧪 How to Choose a Style & Theme
1. Start with Your Vision
Think about what you want your space to express about you. Do you want it to be a quiet retreat where you can relax? Or perhaps a welcoming spot for friends and family to gather and enjoy time together? You could also create a garden that produces food and teaches you about nature and sustainability. Your vision will shape the design and feel of the space.
2. Look at Your Location
Consider the features of your site. Sunlight, soil, slope, and surroundings influence what you can do. For example, a shaded courtyard is great for a calm Zen garden with simple designs and peaceful plants like ferns. A sunny balcony allows for a lively Mediterranean garden filled with colorful flowers and fragrant herbs. Knowing these details will help you make better design choices.
3. Think in Layers
Imagine your space in layers for better depth and function. Start with hardscape features like paths, walls, and patios to create structure. Then, add softscape elements like plants that offer color and beauty. Include seasonal flowers or evergreen shrubs for year-round interest. Finally, incorporate sensory features to engage all your senses—choose fragrant plants, add sounds like water features, and mix different textures in the space. This layered approach will enhance the look and enjoyment of your garden.